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Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius. Opera. Ed: Peiper. MGH AA 6 2. Includes his Vita; epistles, homilies and poems; also epitaphs. Letter 32 to Hormisdas re: Illyricum. Epitaph 2 (194-195):

Inmanes variasque pio sub foedere Christi
Adsciscis gentes Alamannus, Saxo, Toringus,
Pannonius, Rugus, Sclavus, Nara, Sarmata, Datus
Ostrogotus, Francus, Burgondio, Dacus, Alanus
Te duce nosse deum gaudent; tua signa Suevus
admirans didicit, fidei quo tramite pergat (11-16)

Ashbee, P. The Earthen Long Barrow in Britain. London: Dent, 1970.

Bailloud, G. “La civilisation du Rhone et le Bronze ancien du Midi de la France. Revue Archeologique de l’Est et du Centre-Est. 17 (1966) 131-164.

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Bernhard, M. , K. Schafer, H. Seidler. Numerical description of selected endo- and ectocranial dimensions in Homo sapiens and the Homo heidelbergensis: Kabwe, Atapuerca and Petralona [German summary] Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 60:4 (2002) pp 321-32.

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Burton, Richard F. The Book of the Sword. Yorkshire: EP Publishing Limited, 1972. U850 B8.

Bogucki, P.I. The early neolithic Economy and Settlement in Polish Lowlands. Massachusets: Cambridge, 1981.

Bogucki, P.I. “The early neolithic Subsistence and Settlement in the Polish lowlands.” British Archaeological Reports. 150 (1982).

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Bokonyi, S. “The earliest wave of domestic horses in East Europe.” Journal of Indo-European Studies. 6 (1978) 1-16. DS15 J65.

Cary, M. A. Y., and E. H. Warmington. The Ancient Explorers. London, 1929. G 82 C3.

Childe, Vere Gordon. “When did the Beaker-Folk arrive?” Archaeologia. 74 (1925) 159-178. DA 20 A6.

Childe, Vere Gordon. Dawn on European Civilization. London, 1925/1957. D65 C5 1957.

Childe, Vere Gordon. “The Lausitz Culture.” Antiquity. 2 (1928) 37-42. CC1 A7 02.

Childe, Vere Gordon. The Danube in Prehistory. Oxford, 1929. GN803 C55.

Childe, Vere Gordon. The Bronze Age. Cambridge, 1930. GN777 .C536 ROMU.

Childe, Vere Gordon. “A Chronological Table...” Antiquity. 6 (1932) 185-205, table. CC1 A7 02.

Childe, Vere Gordon. Prehistoric migrations in Europe. Oslo: Aschehoug, 1950. GF 101 C5.

Childe, Vere Gordon. “Trade and Industry in Barbarian Europe.” Chapter 1 of Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages. Vol 2 of Cambridge Economic History. Ed: M. M. Postan and E. E. Rich. Cambridge UP, 1952. 1-32. HC 240 C3.

Childe, Vere Gordon, FS. “Biblio.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. NS 21 (1955) 295-304. ROMS P.S. Pr 180.

Collins, J. The European iron age. London: Batsford, 1984. GN 780.2 A1 C65.

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Cunliffe, Barry. “Iron Age Societies in Western Europe and Beyond, 800-140 B.C.” In The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Ed: Barry Cunliffe. Oxford University Press, 1994. 336-372. GN 803 O94.

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De Navarro, José Maria. “The Coming of the Celts.” In The Cambridge Ancient History. 1928. 7:41-74.

De Navarro, José Maria. “A Survey of Research on an Early Phase of Celtic Culture.” Proceedings of the British Academy. 22 (1936) 297-341. AS 122 L5.

De Navarro, José Maria. “A doctor's grave of the middle La Tène period from Bavaria.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. NS 21 (1955) 231-248. ROMS P.S. Pr 180. Cremation burial at Munich-Obermenzing; contains medical tools and weapons.

De Navarro, José Maria. “The Finds from the Site of La Tène.” Vol 1 of Scabbards and the Swords found in them. Part I: Text. Part II: Catalogue and plates. London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1972. GN 780.2 L3 N38.

Deschmann, Carl, and Ferdinand von Hochstetter. “Prähistorische Ansiedlungen und Begräbnissstätten in Krain.” Denkschriften der Mathem.-naturwiss. Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaft, 42,1. Vienna, 1879.

Dillon, Myles, and Nora Chadwick. The Celtic Realms. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967. D 70 D48.

Elle, E. “Die Lausitz - eine Region zweier Kulturen in Deutschland.” In: Geographische Rundschau. 1995, v.47, no.3, pp. 168-177, 1 fig., 1 tabl., 1 phot.

Evangelista, Nick. Encyclopedia of the Sword. Westort: Greenwood Press, 1995. GV1143 .2 E93 1995X.

Evans, D. Ellis. “The Early Celts: the evidence of language.” In The Celtic World. Ed: Miranda J. Green. London: Routledge, 1995. 8-20. D 70 C45.

Summary:Dans certaines régions de Saxe et du Brandebourg vivent les
Serbes de Lusace ou Sorabes. Jusqu'à présent, ils ont réussi à
préserver leur identité linguistique et culturelle. La
reconnaissance de cette minorité ethnique a conduit à la formation
d'une région biculturelle dans une société industrielle moderne. La
culture sorabe concerne plus de 60 000 personnes mais elle a aussi un
impact sur la population allemande. - (D. Rouvière)
Notes:In German; summary in English.

L. Finke, U. Demel, K. Klinkhardt, S. Nother (2001). Untersuchung epigenetischer Merkmale an volkerwanderungszeitlichen Graberfeldern des Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebietes [English summary] [German] Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 59:4 pp 309-30.

Friedrich, P. “The Indo-European kinship terminology.” Ethnology. (1965). GN1 E84.

Frye, Richard Nelson. The Heritage of Persia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962. DS 275 F7.

Garasanin, Milutin V. Hronologija Vincanske grupe. Ljubljana, 1951.

Garasanin, Milutin V. “Iz istorije Kelta u Srbiji.” Istorijski Glasnik. 6 (1953) 3ff. DR 301 I78.

Garasanin, Milutin V. “Vinca.” Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. 39 (1958) 12. DD 53 D42.

Garasanin, Milutin V. “Contribution à la connaissance de la civilisation des Dardaniens à l'époque de La Tène.” Ziva Antika. 8 (1958) 121-128.

Garasanin, Milutin V. “Crna Gora u doba rimskog carstva.” Chapter 4 of Od najstarijih vremena do kraja XII veka. Vol 1 of Istorija Crne Gore. Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore, 1967. 141-277; Garasanin wrote 141-239; see also Kovacevic. DR 117 I75. Numerous maps.

Gauthier-Pilters, H, and Anne Innes Dagg. The Camel: Its Evolution, Ecology, Behavior and Relationship to Man. Chicago, 1981. ROMU QL 737 U54 G38.

Gavela, Branko B. “Vinca et les Illyriens.” Starinar 3/4 (1951/52). DR311.A157

Gavela, Branko B. Keltski oppidum Zidovar. Belgrade, 1952.

Gavela, Branko B. “Sur les premiers Illyriens dans le domaine balkano-danubien.” Ziva antika. 8 (1958) 333-337. PA9 Z5.

Gavela, Branko B. “Zidovar.” Archaeologia Iugoslavica. 13 (1972).

Gavela, Branko B. “Epoha keltske kulture na Balkanu: najstarije veze Kelta i balkanskih naroda.” ZFF 13 (1976) 17-37.

Gay, V., and H. Stein. Glossaire archéologique. 2 vols. Paris: 1887-1929.

Gelbert, Agnes (1997). From finishing-up on a wheel to 'the' true throwing of a pot: motor and conceptual difficulties [English and Spanish summaries] [in French] Techniques et cultures. 30 pp 1-23, 185, 187.

Ghirshman, Roman. L'Iran des origines à l'Islam. Paris: Payot, 1951. Transl Penguin 1954.

Ghirshman, Roman. Iran: From the Earliest Times to the Islamic Conquest. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1954/1961. For 1964 see DS 275 G5 ROBA.

Gibaldi, Joseph, ed. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 5th edition. New York:

Gimbutas, M. The Balts. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963. GN824 B25 G5.

Gimbutas, M. The Bronze age cultures of central and eastern Europe. The Hague, 1965. GN777 G5 A1G55.

Gimbutas, M. The Slavs. London: Thames and Hudson, 1971. D147 G54.

Gimbutas, M. “Old Europe c. 7000-3500 B.C., the earliest European cultures before the infiltration of the Indo-European peoples.” Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1 (1973) 1-20. DS15 J65.

Gimbutas, M. “The beginning of the bronze age in Europe and the Indo-Europeans 3500-2500 B.C.” Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1 (1973) 163-214. DS15 J65.

Gimbutas, M. “The first wave of Eurasian steppe pastoralists into copper age Europe.” Journal of Indo-European Studies. 5 (1977) 277-338. DS15 J65.

Gimbutas, M. ed. The Kurgan culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph No. 18. Washington D.C: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997. GN539 G56.

Hanuliak, Milan.” Zur Problematik des fruhmittelalterlichen Hugelbestattungsritus im Gebiet der Slowakei.” [English and German summaries] [Slovak] Slovenska archeologia. 49:1-2 (2001) 277-99.

Harding, Anthony. “Reformation in Barbarian Europe, 1300-600 B.C.” In The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Ed: Barry Cunliffe. Oxford University Press, 1994. 304-335. GN 803 O94. This is the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, also labeled Urnfield period. Characterized by hilltop fortifications, well developed travel by land and sea, major progress in metallurgy, and the introduction of true glass. Long distance trade involved: bronze, salt, glass, amber: «goods were moved over considerable distance [...] evidence of powerful exchange networks» (305).

Harding, D. W. “Celtic Europe.” Chapter 9c in The Fourth Century BC. Volume 6 of The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge UP, 1994. 404-421. D57 C25.

Harrison, Richard J. “Origins of the Bell Beaker cultures.” Antiquity. 48 (1974) 99-109, chart. CC1 A7 02.

Haverfield, F. “Notes from Krain, Croatia and Serbia”. Journal of Philology. 17 (1888) 274-288. Old Class. Celtic and Roman archaeology.

Hawkes, Christopher, and S. Hawkes. Archaeology and History. Vol I: Greeks, Celts, and Romans. London, 1973. DE 86 H38.

Hedin, Sven. The Silk Road. London: Routledge, 1938. DS 710 H58.

Hubert, Henri. Les Celtes et l'expansion celtique jusqu'à l'époque de La Tène. 3 vols. Paris: Albin Michel, 1932-52.

Hubert, Henri. The Rise of the Celts. London, 1934. D 70 I813.

Hubert, Henri. The Greatness and Decline of the Celts. London, 1934. D 70 H83.

Hughes, D. R., and D. R. Brothwell. “The Earliest Populations of Man in Europe, W. Asia and N. Africa.” Chapter 5 of ... Volume 1 of Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: UP, 1966. D 57 C25.

Jakobson, R. Slavic Languages. New York, 1955. LaSlav.Gr J2556sl B2.

Jacobsthal, P. Early Celtic Art. Oxford, 1944. Reprinted with corrections 1969. N6240 J18.

Jellema, Dirk. “Frisian Trade in the Dark Ages.” Speculum 30 (1955) 15-36. PN 661 S6

Joffroy, R. Le trésor de Vix. Paris, 1954.

Joffroy, R. Les sépultures à char du premier âge du Fer en France. Paris, 1958.

Kleemann, Jorg . 'Roman import' at the turn of the era in the lower Elbe region [English summary] [German] Ethnographisch-archaologische Zeitschrift. 44:4 (2003) pp 523-37.

Kolendo, Jerzy. A la recherche de l'ambre baltique: L'expédition d'un chevalier romain sous Néron. Warsaw, 1981. HF 377 K65.

Kolendo, Jerzy. “Ambre.” Archeologia. 34 (1983) 1-15. CC 35 A69.

Kossack, Georg. In memoriam Karl Jettmar. 8.8.1918 Wien - 28.3.2002 Heidelberg [German] Eurasia antiqua: Zeitschrift fur Archaologie Eurasiens antiq. 9 (2003) pp 329-34.

Kruta, V. Mouvements celtiques. 1979.

Latyshev, Vasilii Vasilevich. Inscriptiones Regni Bosporani graecae et latinae. Vol 2 of Inscriptions antiquae. 1890; reprint Hildesheim: Olms, 1965. CN 1060 I5.

Latyshev, Vasilii Vasilevich. Sbornik grecheskikh nadpisei khristianskikh vremen iz iuzhnoi Rossii. St. Peterburg: Imperial Academy, 1896. CN 1060 S36.

Latyshev, Vasilii Vasilevich. Scythica et Caucasica. 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1901-1906.

Lefebvre des Noettes, Cdt. L'attelage, le cheval de selle à travers les âges. Paris, 1931. 2 vols. An GL4896 at, B2.

Littauer, M.A. “Early stirrups.” Antiquity. 55 (1981) 99-105. CC1 A7 02.

Manning, W.H. “Ironworking in the Celtic world.” In The Celtic World. Ed: Miranda J. Green. London: Routledge, 1995. 310-320. D 70 C45.

Mano-Zisi, Djordje. Novi Pazar: ilirsko-grcki nalaz. Belgrade, 1969. DR 396 N57 M3.

Mano-Zisi, Djordje. Velika arheoloska nalazista u Srbiji. Belgrade, 1974.

Mano-Zisi, Djordje. Antika. Belgrade, 1982. N7242 M36. Coffee table book, but excellent photography.

McGovern, William Montgomery. The Early Empires of Central Asia: A Study of the Scythians and the Huns and the part they played in world history. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1939. DS 785 M32.

McNeill, William H. “The Eccentricity of Wheels, or Eurasian Transportation in Historical Perspective.” The American Historical Review. 92 (1987) 1111-1126. Use with caution, overestimates the role of Islam.

Melbechowska-Luty, Aleksandra. 'Cywilizacja Trans - Atlantyk': the ocean, ships and havens of Cyprian Norwid and Witold Gabrowicz [English summary] [Polish] Konteksty. 1/2 (2002) pp 17-28, 262-3.

Meillet, A. Le slave commun. Paris, 1934.

Mellaart, J. “Anatolia and the Balkans.” Antiquity. 24 (1960) 270-278. CC1 A7 02.

Mellaart, J. The Neolithic of the Near East. London: Thames & Hudson, 1975. GN776.32 N4 M44.

Mellaart, J. “Anatolia and the Indo-Europeans.” Journal of Indo-European Studies. 9 (1981) 135-149. DS15 J65.

Minns, Ellis H. “The Scythians and Northern Nomads.” Chapter 9 of The Assyrian Empire. Vol 3 of The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge: UP, 1925. 187-205, map. D 57 C25.

Minns, Ellis H. Scythians and Greeks. Cambridge UP, 1913. DK 509 M5.

Nandris, J. “Groundwater as a factor in the First Temperate Neolithic settlement of the Koros region.” Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja u Beogradu. 6 (1970) 59-73.

Papazoglu, Fanula. “Osnovni anticki izvori o Skordiscima.” With Radmila Salabalic. Chapter 15 of Skordisci: istorija i kultura. By Jovan Todorovic. Novi Sad: Institut za izucavanje istorije Vojvodine, 1974. 197-209. D 70 T6.

Papazoglu, Fanula. The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Translation of Srednjobalkanska plemena u predrimsko doba (Sarajevo 1969) by Mary Stansfield-Popovic. Corrected edition with added notes. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1978. Maps. DR 20 P3613. Biblio by subject 610-630. “The Dardanians. II: Territory, 187-209.” With 2 maps. See figure 3, page 200, “The Frontiers of Dardania according to H. Kiepert, A. v. Domazewski, N. Vulic, A. Mócsy, G. Alföldy, F. Papazoglu.”

Parker, Edward Harper. A Thousand Years of the Tartars. 1895; 2nd ed London: K Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1924. DS 25 P37.

Parvan, V. Dacia. Cambridge, 1928.

Peak, Harold. The Bronze Age and the Celtic World. London, 1922. GN549 C3 P3.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. Apes and Men. The Corridors of Time, 1. New Haven: Yale UP, 1927. Gerstein QH 368 P4.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. Hunters and Artists. The Corridors of Time, 2. New Haven: Yale UP, 1927. GN 775 P43.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. Peasants and Potters. The Corridors of Time, 3. New Haven: Yale UP, 1927. CB 311 P412. Has a chapter on languages and nations.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. Priests and Kings. The Corridors of Time, 4. New Haven: Yale UP, 1927. CB 311 P413.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. The Steppe and the Sown. The Corridors of Time, 5. New Haven: Yale UP, 1928. CB 311 P415.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. The Way of the Sea. The Corridors of Time, 6. New Haven: Yale UP, 1929. CB 311 P43.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. Merchant Venturers in Bronze. The Corridors of Time, 7. New Haven: Yale UP, 1931. GN 777 P4.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. The Horse and the Sword. The Corridors of Time, 8. New Haven: Yale UP, 1933. GN 777 P32.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. The Law and the Prophets. The Corridors of Time, 9. New Haven: Yale UP, 1936. CB 311 P41.

Peake, Harold, and Herbert John Fleure. Times and Places. The Corridors of Time, 10. Oxford: Clarendon, 1956. CB 311 P42.

Peet, Thomas Eric. The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. GN 817 P5.

Peiper, Rudolf, ed. Alcimi Ecdici Aviti Viennensis episcopi Opera quae supersunt. MGH AA 6 2. Berlin: Weidmann, 1883. Table of contents, lxxvii.

Piggott, Stuart. Ancient Europe from the Beginnings of Agriculture to Classical Antiquity. Edinburgh at UP, 1965. D65 P54.

Piggott, Stuart. “Wood and the wheelwright.” In The Celtic World. Ed: Miranda J. Green. London: Routledge, 1995. 321-327. D 70 C45.

Powell, Thomas George Eyre. The Celts. London: F.A. Praeger, 1958. D70 P6.

Powell, Thomas George Eyre. Prehistoric Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. N5310 P69.

Randall-MacIver, David. Villanovians and Early Etruscans. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924. VUPT GN 780 I8 R3 Folio.

Randall-MacIver, David. The Etruscans. Oxford: Clarendon, 1927. DG 223 R3.

Randall-MacIver, David. The Iron age in Italy, a study of those aspects of the early civilisation which are neither Villanovian nor Etruscan. Oxford, 1927. Old Class AnA R1896i, recat.

Randall-MacIver, David. Italy before the Romans. Oxford UP, 1928. DG 221 R3. Summary of research, his own (1924, 1927) and Peet Stone.

Rankin, H. D. Celts and the Classical World. 1987. D 70 R36.

Renfrew, Colin. “The place of the Vinca culture in European prehistory.” Zbornik Narodnog Muzeja u Beogradu. 6 (1971) 45-58.

Renfrew, Colin. “Ancient Europe is older than we thought.” National Geographic Magazine, 152 (1977) 615-623. G1 N268.

Renfrew, Colin. Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Penguin, 1987/1989. P 525 R46.

Renfrew, Colin. “The origins of the Indo-European languages.” Scientific American. October 1989, 106-114.

Renfrew, Colin. The roots of ethnicity. Archeology, genetics and the origins of Europe; with an introduction by Carl Nylander and a Curriculum vitae of the author. Rome: dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1993. CC79 E85 R48.

Renfrew, Colin, and Paul Bahn. Archaeology: Theories, methods and practice. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991; 2nd edition: Thames & Hudson, 1996. CC165 R46.

Renfrew, Colin, ed. Virtual Archaeology: Great discoveries brought to life through virtual reality. London: Thames & Hudson, 1997. CC 168 A7313.

Rieckhoff, Sabine. Süddeutschland im Spannungsfeld von Kelten, Germanen und Römern: Latenezeit. Trier, 1995. DD 784.5 R54.

Riek, G., and H. J. Hundt. Der Hohmiehele: Ein Fürstengrabhügel der späteren Hallstattzeit bei der Heuneburg. Berlin, 1962.

Ripinsky, Michael M. “The Camel in Ancient Arabia.” Antiquity 49/196 (1975) 295-298. CC1 A7 02. Camels in Arabia since the Late Pleistocene, illustrated in Palaeolithic art (10,000 years ago). Figurines in pottery and bronze. Used by Midianites 1100 BC for military purposes. Domestication of camel much earlier than hitherto accepted.

Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovich. Iranians and Greeks in South Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922. DK 509 R6.

Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovich. Skythien und der Bosporus. Berlin: Schoetz, 1931. DK 509 R63.

Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovich. Caravan Cities. Oxford, 1932; reprint New York: AMS Press, 1971. D 49 R 833.

Schach-Dörges, Helga. Die Bodenfunde des 3. bis 6. Jahrhunderts nach Chr. zwischen unteren Elbe und Oder. Neumünster: K. Wachholz, 1970. DD 801 M345 S28.

Shennan, S. “Central Europe in the third millennium B.C.: an evolutionary trajectory for the beginning of the European bronze age.” Journal of Anthropological Archeology. 5 (1986) 115-146.

Sundwall, Johannes. Villanovastudien. 1928. DG 975 B595 S9.

Sundwall, Johannes. “Villanovastudien.” Acta Academiae Aboensis, Humaniora. 5 (1928). AS 262 A3. Danubian influences.

Sundwall, Johannes, FS. Minoica. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1958. P 1035 G78.

Szabó, Miklós. Les Celtes en Pannonie: Contributions à l'histoire de la civilisation celtique dans la cuvette des Karpates. Paris: Presses de l'école normale supérieure, 1988.

Tarn, W. W. “Parthians.” In The Cambridge Ancient History. 9:577.

TeBrake, William H. “Ecology and Economy in Early Medieval Frisia.” Viator. 9 (1978) 1-29. CB351.V53 V.4.

Thompson, James Westfall. A History of Historical Writing. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1942. D 13 T56.

Todorovic, Jovan. Kelti na tlu Beograda. Belgrade: Muzej grada Beograda, 1968. DR 386.15 T65.

Todorovic, Jovan. Kelti u jugoistocnoj Evropi. Belgrade: Muzej grada Beograda, 1968. DR 20 T63. With summary in German, publication of Ph.Diss, 1965.

Todorovic, Jovan. “Les mouvements migratoires des Scordisques après 279 av. n. e.” AI 11 (1970).

Todorovic, Jovan. Skordisci: istorija i kultura. Novi Sad: Institut za izucavanje istorije Vojvodine, 1974. D 70 T6. With English summary, see also Papazoglu. Bibligraphy on p209-227.

Vasic, Miloje M. Preistoriska Vinca. 3 vols. 1932. OLD CLASS AnA V3343pre.

Vasic, Miloje M. FS. Ziva Antika. 3 (1953). PA9 Z5.

Vasic, Miloje M. “Vinca.” Ziva Antika. 1 (1951) 11-117. PA9 Z5.

Weidenfeld, George. Swords and Hilt Weapons. London: Nicholson, 1989.U852 S86.

Wellard, James. Samarkand and Beyond: A History of Desert Caravans. London: Constable, 1977. HE 325 W44. Camels.

Wells, Peter S. “Trade and exchange.” In The Celtic World. Ed: Miranda J. Green. London: Routledge, 1995. 230-243. D 70 C45.

Whittle, A. Neolithic Europe, a survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. GN 776.2 A1W45.

Zubov, A. A. “New interpretation of the 'Homo heidelbergensis' significance in the evolution of the genus Homo.” [in special section 'Physical (biological) anthropology'; English summary] Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. 1 (2001) pp 91-111.

Compiled by Pavle Anicic, Toronto, Canada, Summer 2005.

This is the kernel of the my research on the archaeology of Scandinavia, Northern and Eastern Europe for the prehistory of those regions, and the place of the Slavs in its history.

Archaeological research needed for the recovery of the early history (pre-history) of the Sorbs and the Polabian Slavs in general.


Note: Archaeology is a strange form of historical study. It is akin to recovering a lost drama, when the words have disappeared and only the stage and the props survive.


Aberg, Nils. Das nordische Kulturgebiet in Mitteleuropa während der jüngeren Steinzeig. Uppsala, 1918.

Aberg, Nils. Bronzezeitliche und früheisenzeitliche Chronologie
I-III. (Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och antikvitets Akademien) Stockholm, 1930-32.

Ailio, Julius. Die steinzeitlichen Wohnplatzfunde in Finland. Helsingfors, 1909.

Almgren, Oscar. «Zur Bedeutung des Markomannreichs für die Entwickelung der germanische Industrie in der frühen Keiserzeit.» Mannus 5 (1913).

Aspelin, J. R. Antiquités du Nord Finno-Ougrien. Vol. 1. Helsingfors, 1877.

Avebury, Lord. Prehistoric Times. London, 1913.

Bellows, H. A. The Poetic Edda. New York, 1923.

Boe, Johs. Le Finmarkien, Matériaux pour servir à l'étude de la civilisation humaine dans l'extrême nord de l'Europe. 1934.

Boye, Wilhelm. Trouvailles de cercueils en chêne de l'âge du bronze au Danemark. Copenhague, 1896.

Brogger, A.W. «Den arktiske stenalder i Norge.» Widenskabs-Selskabets Skrifter. ii. Hist.-Filos. Klasse. Kristiania, 1909. Summary in German. Unity of Northern stone age, including Russia.

Broholm, H. C. and Margrethe Halde. Les costumes de l'âge danois du bronze. (Nordiske Fortidsminder -- Antiquités scandinaves, 2) Copenkagen, 1911-35).

Bugge, Sophus. Norroen Fornkvaedhi. Christiania, 1867.

Déchelette, Joseph. Manuel d'archéologie. Paris, 1910.

Ebert, . Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte. Aarne Europaeus. «Finland: Steinzeit.» Vol. 3:331. Gunnar Ekholm. «Nordischer Kreis.» Vol. 9.

Ekholm, Gunnar. «Die erste Besiedelung des Ostseegebietes.» Wiener Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 12 (1925).

Erdtman, O. Gunnar E. «Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen von Torfmooren und marinen Sedimenten in Südwest-Schweden.» Arhiv för Botanik. xvii,10 (Stockholm, 1.921)

Feist, Sigmund. Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Germanen. Berlin, 1913.

Hoernes, M. Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa. Vienna, 1898.

Johansen, K. Friis. «La Trouvaille de Hoby.» Nordiske Fortidsminder. 2,1 (Copenhagen, 1911). Silver banquet service for the dead.

Knorr, Friedrich. Friedhöfe der älteren Eisenzeit in Schleswig-Holstein. 1 (Kiel, 1910).

Kossinna, Gustaf. «Der Ursprung der Urfinnen und Urindogermanen, und ihre Ausbreitung nach dem Osten.» Mannus-Bibliothek. 1 (1909)

Kossinna, Gustaf. Die deutsche Vorgeschichte, eine hervorragend nationale Wissenschaft. Würzburg, 1915.

Kossinna, Gustaf. «Die Wandalen in Nordjutland.» Mannus 21 (1929)

Lindqvist, Sune. «Le problème des objets de schiste dans l'âge de pierre en Suède.» Acta Archaeologica. 6 (Copenhagen, 1935) 99.

Montelius, O. «Palaeolithic Implements found in Sweden.» The Antiquaries Journal. 1 ( ) 98.

Montelius, O. Les temps préhistoriques en Suède et dans les autres pays scandinaves. Paris, 1895.

Montelius, O. Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit in Nord-Deutschland und Skandinavien. Braunschweig, 1900.

Montelius, O. «La chronologie préhistorique en France et en d'autres pays celtiques.» L'anthropologie. ___ (1901) 620.

Montelius, O. «Der Handel in der Vorzeit.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. ___ (1910) 265.

Müller, Sophus. Nordische Altertumskunde. 1 (Strassburg, 1897) 360. Burials.

Müller, Sophus. «La trouvaille de Juellinge.» Nordiske Fortidsminder. 2,1 (Copenhagen, 1911).

Rohde, Erwin. Psyche. Leipzig, 1894. Burials.

Rydbeck, Otto. «The Changes of Level of the Stone Age Sea and the Earliest Settling of man in Scandinavia.» Bulletin de la Société Royale des Lettres de Lund. 1927-28.

Sarauw, Georg F. L. «Ein steinzeitlicher Wohnplatz im Moor by Mullerup auf Seeland.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 3-4 (Leipzig, 1911 and 1914).

Schmidt, Hubert. «Die Luren von Daberkow.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 7 (1915) 85.

Schuchardt, C. Die Urnenfriedhöfe in Niedersachsen. Hannover, 1911.

Schwantes, Gustav. «Die Gräber der ältesten Eisenzeit im östlichen Hannover.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 1 (1909) ___.

Schwantes, G. «Nordisches Paläolithikum und Mesolithikum.» Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Völkerkunde in Hamburg. 12 (1928).

Schwantes, G. Description of Meiendorf. Geschichte Schleswig-Holsteins. I,1 (1935).

Schwantes, G. «Das Beil asl Scheide zwischen Paläolithikum und Neolithikum.» Archiv für Anthropologie. N.F. 20 ( )

Schwantes, G. Die Bedeutung der Lyngby-Zivilisation für die Gliederung der Steinzeit. Hamburg, 1923.

Shetelig, Haakon. Préhistoire de la Norvège. (Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie A,v) Oslo, 1926.

Shetelig, Haakon. «Les pointes de flèches en schiste de Norvège.» Bulletin de la Société prhéhistorique française. (1928) 256.

Shetelig, Haakon and Hjalmar Falk. Scandinavian Archaeology. Tr: E. V. Gordon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937.

Sijmons and Gering. Die Lieder der Edda. Halle, 1906-31.

Tallgren, A. M. «Die Kupfer- und Bronzezeit in Nord- und Ostrussland.» Finska Fornminnesför. Tidskrift. 25 (Helsingfors, 1911) 1:142.

Tallgren, A. M. «Die Bronzecelte vom sog. Ananino-typus. Berührungen zwischen den Bronzekulturen Skandinaviens und des Wolga-Kamalandes.» Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen. 12 (1912) 76. Oak-coffins: well preserved textiles.

Vigfusson and Powell, .. Corpus Poeticum Boreale. Oxford, 1883.

Willers, Heinrich. Die römische Bronzeeimer von Hemmoor. Hannover and Leipzig, 1901.


Shetelig, Haakon and Hjalmar Falk. Scandinavian Archaeology. Transl. E. V. Gordon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937. Enormously important work, especially for amber, textiles, and long distance trade and technological transfer. Important also for the Frisians, the Merovingians, and the Vikings.

The Lyngby Culture in Denmark: The earliest traces of post-glacial habitation in the North. «The most characteristic form is a kind of axe-like weapon of reindeer horn, in shape very like a hoe, and as a rule fitted with a small sharp blade of flint.» (14)

The Fosna culture of Norway, and the Kosma Culture of the Finnmark on the Artic Ocean, not yet properly surveyed at the time of writing. «The geological conditions indicate that it may go back to the oldest post-glacial period. The group consist of dwelling-stations along the old coast-lines of the Arctic Ocean and the first few years' researches have already established that a primitive population lied at that time along the whole north coast of Norway as far as the boundary with Finland. In the preliminary communications about the finds it is indicated that many features point to relaionship with the palaeolithic stone age in Siberia and Mongolia. It has further been stated that we must reckon with a possible invasion of eastern palaeolithic people through northern Russia» (21).


The Next Phase -- Maglemose:

Sarauw, Georg F. L. «Ein steinzeitlicher Wohnplatz im Moor by Mullerup auf Seeland.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 3-4 (Leipzig, 1911 and 1914).

The Maglemose culture: «The beginning of the warm post-glacial period thus falls in the latter part of the ancylus age. This period with a relatively warm and dry climate is known to geologists as the boreale period; it corresponds roughly to the period of Maglemose culture.» (9)

«The oldest known dwelling-sites that give a complete picture of primitive civilization in the north come from the time when the great fir forests had spread over southern Scandinavia and the Danish isles were connected by a solid land with Jutland, Skane, and northern Germany.» (23) «For one of the dwelling-sites a wooden oar is preserved, showing that these people moved about the lake in boats.» (23). They lived from hunting, fishing, fowling, and nuts and seeds. Theirs were in a sense lake-dwellings. «Articles of bone and horn are in general so prevalent that in the north the period has often been given the name of 'bone age'.» (24) «Animals' teeth with holes bored in them were worn as ornaments, and once a pendant of amber was found.» (24f) «The microliths are a feature which associate the Maglemose culture with the West-European Tardenoisian culture; and the Tardenoisian falls in the transition between the palaeolithic and neolithic periods.» (26) «Of sculpture only one small isolated piece is known, a representation of a bear worked in amber and ornamented with lines (Pl. 3).» (27f)

Klampenborg: «the tradition of the bone age is met by new cultural forms, which afterwards develop gradually into leading forms; and similarly in the flora of these dwelling-sites we are enabled to see the transition from fir forests to oak.» (33) Klampenborg illustrates «the true relation between the two culture periods of Maglemose and Ertebolle, between the bone and the age of the kitchen middens.» (33f) Kitchen midden have primitive pottery, but not Maglemose (33).


The Kitchen-middens:

Avebury, Lord. Prehistoric Times. London, 1913.

«They existed entirely on hunting, fishing, and the gathering ofshell-fish, and their only domestic animal was the dog.» (36)

«The fir forests were replaced by oak; the elk and urox practically disappeared, and the red deer now ranked first among the wild animals.» (36) «The 'bone age' is succeeded in the kitchen middens by the first real 'flint age'.» (37) «No true microlithic work appears in the kitchen middens.» (37). Only macrolithic, with new technologies. Grinding of stone. Use of glacial remains on moraines, etc. «Apart from the supreme importance of the flints, the culture of the middens is marked by two other momentous innovtions. These are the technical use of varieties of volcanic rock, and the potters' art.» (38)

«On the whole the artistic activities which can be traced in the culture of the middens is poor, undoubtedly retrograde compared with the older work from Maglemose [...] It seems that in this respect the kitchen middens were already leading up to the later Danish stone age, so conspicuous in technical development, but poor in true art.» (39) Water side settlements found by ocean and lakes.

Maglemose and Ertebolle: there is a break between the two cultures. In some settlements, Klampenborg, we can see cross-pollination, in orders, Brabrand, pure Ertebolle, without Maglemose. (40ff). It seems that Ertebolle were new comers, settled in Denmark, but not in Scandinavia proper, which remained conservative. (44).

Finland: «The geologicallevels go back to the same period as the kitchen middens in Denmark, but the forms ofthe culture have totally different connexions, eastwards with Russia and the southern Baltic. it is clear that this early settlement in Finland has no contact with Scandinavia.» (45).

Ertebolle culture: proto-neolithic, with faint similarities with Danube and France.

Conclusions to the Stone Age:

«Throughout this long period, which according to geological chronology lasted at least some 4,000 years, the Norse population lived in primitive conditions, very like those of the aborigines in Australia or Tierra del Fuego. [...] The oldest known tame animals in the world are the dogs of Maglemose and Svaerdborg; they were a very big sort of dog, though not unusualy tall, crossed with tame wolf. In the kitchen middens this large type of dog becomes very common, and a new smaller variety also appears.» (48)

«From the kitchen-midden period three usable skulls are known in Denmark: one dolichocephalic cranium of a man from Fanerup in Jutland, one mesocephalic cranium of a woman from Holbaek in Zealand, and one brachycephalic man from Kassemose in Zealand.» (50) «even as early as the Maglemose period we must recognize a mixed population in Scandinavia» (51).


The Tri-partite culture of the Neolithic:

True neolithic: highly diversified complex.

Bandkeramik: diffusion from the mouth of the Danube.

Megalithic: Atlantic connexions, with sea-voyages.

Battle-axe, single grave people between the first two, a mobile and varying culture which spread from Central Europe.

«there was in Denmark and Skane a wealth of natural flint, the best raw material for the industry of the stone age, and a special source of wealth also in the amber found on the west coast of Jutland. These are lands which to this day are among the first in wealth of important monuments and antiquities from this ancient flowering of neolithic civilisation.» (53)

«The megalithic culture is very definitely linked to the Atlantic coasts, and it spread over great distances by way of the intercourse between Scandinavia, Britain, Brittany and Spain, but on the other hand it does not touch the central regions of the continent. [...] Stone-age ornaments of amber from Jutland are found both in western and southern Europe, and amber ornaments of British type ar found in Jutland.» (58)

Megalithic antiquities: «The relation is so unmistakable that it suggests an immigration of western European people into Denmark, and, if this supposition is right, the source would probably be the British Isles.» (59) «It is generally believed that the flint daggers were modelled on older daggers of metal which were in use in the south of Europe, and they undoubtedly mark a high point in the technical treatment of flint.» (61) «After the extremely rough and simple pots and bowls of the kitchen middens there follows in the transition period [...] a somewhat better ware [..] On the whole it is an excellent pottery that is known from the passage-graves.» (62)

«One thing is at least certain, that a very complicated mixing of races was already far advanced in the later stone age in Scandinavia; but we do not know when or where this mixing was accomplished.» (60)

«By the side of the pottery, flint implements, battle-axes, and maces of volcanic rock, the ornaments should also be named -- and especially ornaments of amber -- as an important element in the finds from megalithic graves. Among the ornaments of bone are various forms of pins and perforted plates worn as pendants, together with beads. Amber was the most precious material available in northern Europe at that time, and the amber coast of Jutland was undoubtedly an important source of wealth. Export of amber from Denmark is attested by finds from Norway, England, Brittany, and Spain. Even from very early times in the later stone age collections of amber ornaments are found buried as treasures in Jutland, up to 4,000 ornaments in a single find; and ornaments of amber are a constant and prominent feature among the antiquities derived from the passage-graves. Characteristic forms are the beads shaped like double axes, or double mace-heads with a hole bored through them; these were very clearly made on the model of the actual weapon. Otherwise the forms found are generally cubic or ring-shaped beads, oblong or flat pendants, and buttons with a passage bored through them from the under side in the form of [an inverted V]. These last belong to the latest phase of the stone age, continue into the bronze age, and are common to Great Britain and Scandinavia, as is indeed well known.» (63)

«The megalithic culture during its spread in Scandinavia was, of course, constantly imposing itself upon the primitive manner of life belonging to the preceding age, the life which we know from the kitchen middens; and the tradition from the old hunting life still survived beside the new civilization.» (64) «The simpler, more primitive forms of life which we know from the dwelling-sites along the coasts thus have a place in the complete picture of megalithic civilization in Scandinavia.» (65)

Battle-axe, single grave: «From the continental region to the south foreign groups made their way in and encroached upon the megalithic domain. The most important of these is the group represented by the 'single graves' in Jutland.» (65) «The articles in the grave are almost invariable. In a man's grave will be found a battle-axe with a hole for the haft, made of trap, or a thick-butted axe of ground flint; also a flint chisel and a sharp flint blade, a flat stone mace, an earthenware beaker, and two large disks of amber which belonged to the clothing. In a woman's grave there are always long neck-bands or strings of amber beads, and more rarely, an earthenware beaker. The articles are quite different in form from those found in megalithic graves.» (66)

«The later forms of the single graves advance northward until they reach the most northerly part of Jutland, and in a number of places it can be seen clearly that the single-grave people have overcome the megalithic people.» (67)

«A faceted battle-axe of copper has been found in Skane, and it must have been imported across the Baltic. It was by this route that the type came to Scandinavia; it is found very frequently in Sweden and appears also in the east of Norway.» (68) «a specimen made of copper is known which was found in eastern Russia and presumably came there by way of export from its original home. From its place of origin in central Europe the type makes its way to north Germany, and from there across the Baltic to Bornholm and Skane without touching the Danish area.» (68)

Ailio, Julius. Die steinzeitlichen Wohnplatzfunde in Finland. Helsingfors, 1909.

«The single-grave culture makes its way into Finland in the earlier part of the passage-grave period. It appears here in a country which is wholly untouched by megalithic influences.» (70)

«It has been observed that the battle-axe culture in its expansion over large areas of Europe carried with it those forms which philological researchers declare to be characteristic of the earliest Indo-European culture, and it may be deduced from this that the spread of the battle-axe marks the expansion of the oldest Indo-European people. The immigration of the battle-axe people into the north must then be the starting-point of the Germanic-speaking people known in later times in Scandinavia.» (72)

Critique of the last paragraph: The single grave people are a neolithic group which emerges in Central Europe. If they spoke an IE language, this means that they would have separated from the Iranian groups in Palaeolithic times -- and thus would have no neolithic vocabulary in common with them. This we know to be untrue, as IE has considerable neolithic vocabulary. There is also a problem of diffusion: the single-grave people are also found in Finland, where no ancient trace of IE remains, other than loan-words. The diffusion of the single-grave people does not correspond with IE. Since IE has so much neolithic vocabulary, the split cannot have taken place earlier than the later part of the neolithic. IE must be early bronze age.

The Arctic Stone Age

Brogger, A.W. «Den arktiske stenalder i Norge.» Widenskabs-Selskabets Skrifter. ii. Hist.-Filos. Klasse. Kristiania, 1909. Summary in German. Unity of Northern stone age, including Russia.

Ebert, . Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte. Aarne Europaeus. «Finland: Steinzeit.» Vol. 3:331. Gunnar Ekholm. «Nordischer Kreis.» Vol. 9.

«Analyses have demonstrated that axes of identical matrial are distributed over large areas. This is known of the rare stone grorudite, which is found only in the immediate neighbourhood of Oslo, while axes made from it are found over the whole of south-eastern Norway [...] There was another such centre for green slate at Olonets near Lake Ladoga, from where the products were conveyed to Finland and Esthonia.» (76).

«A late peculiar form appears in the maces shaped like animal heads, often designed with admirable art. Their home is on the Russian side in East Carelia, but they are found not infrequently in Finland and sporadically in Sweden. They are an expression of that keen delight in plastic animal shapes which distinguishes the whole of the east-European stone age, and which we shall have occasion later to discuss more fully.» (77)

Lindqvist, Sune. «Le problème des objets de schiste dans l'âge de pierre en Suède.» Acta Archaeologica. 6 (Copenhagen, 1935) 99.

Shetelig, Haakon. «Les pointes de flèches en schiste de Norvège.» Bulletin de la Société prhéhistorique française. (1928) 256.

«The pottery thus gives a striking illustration of the profound difference between the eastern and western sides of the Baltic during the later stone age. The Aland islands belong wholly to Sweden, while Finland belongs to the Baltico-Russian area of culture. Inasmuch as the culture of the whole of this north European area is uniform in its more essential features, this uniformity must be due to a parallel development from the common basis, the older culture of the bone age, which has already been described. We must beware of underestimating the communications already established by this time over great distances. Especially iluminating in this respect is the occurrence of amber ornaments in the north of Scandinavia. Amber was an exceedingly precious material at this period, and these ornaments made on the amber coasts of Jutland and Prussia often give valuable information about trade-routes and the communications between the various inhabited areas during the stone age. In the south of Norway amber ornaments have been found near Stavanger in Jaeren; they had been imported from Jutland. Amber from Prussia has been found in Finland and Sweden, and from Sweden it found its way farther overland to the north-west of Norway, were we have important finds of /// hoards of Prussian amber ornaments. In these we have an indubitable proof of communication between the neolithic peoples over the whole of the Scandinavian area, and this inference is confirmed by many other evidences. Ornaments of slate of Finnish type are found in Norway; Swedish articles of slate are found in Finland, and weapons of Carelian type, shaped like animals heads, were imported into Sweden. The culture of the hunting people was not a hindrance to distance communications; on the contrary, the population during this primitive stage was very mobile and wandered frequently from place to place.» (81f)

«Special mention must be made of one find which sheds much light on the trade in flint. Near Bjursele on the estuary of the River Byske in Västerbotten, /// about midway between Umea and Haparande, whole collections of flint axes and other stone objects have been discovered time after time during the last century, and all within a very limited extent of ground. This locality was evidently a dwelling-site during the Arctic stone age, but it is likewise a place where shole stores of these excellent implements of foreign flint are found: in all about 175 flint axes are known from this place. In the stone age, the site was on an arm of the sea which afforded harbourage, and the place was clearly a trading station for flint axes. In passing we may note the highly interesting fact that flint from Skane was taken to the north of Sweden by sea.» (82-83)

«Finland was, practically speaking, unaffected by importation of flint from southern Scandinavia; altogether ten finds of such flint are known, all from south-western Finland: see Ailio, Die steinzeitlichen Wohnplatzfunde, p. 68. But large quantities of Russian flint are found as the material for arrowheads and scrapers. This is only one of the indications that the Finnish stone age had its most important connexions towards the east.» (83n2)

The Arctic stone age, particularly the more southern locations, was influenced by the megalithic culture in the most southern parts of Scandinavia. «Here we have the form of culture which is well named submegalithic; it is strongly affected by megalithic civilization, but does not become identical with it, and in particular lacks the great stone graves which were the most conspicuous expression of communal life and belief among the megalithic people.» (84)

Best example of submegalithic: village built on logs in a bog in Dagsmosse near Alvastra in Oestergötland. Its remains are megalithic in type. «The types of the axes found demonstrate clearly a connexion with the neighbouring megalithic district in Västergötland, and a bead of amber shaped like a megalithic double-edged axe undoubtedly came from the same direction.» (84) Also found: remains of domestic animals and corn. «The grains are six-lined barley, the identical variety cultivated by the pile-dwellers in central Europeand still known in modern times among the Lapps of northern Scandinavia. [...] the pottery, on the other hand, is the same as in the eastern Swedish dwelling-sites.» (85)

Shetelig, Haakon. Préhistoire de la Norvège. (Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie A,v) Oslo, 1926.

«The conditions are least complicated in Finland, since only two cultural elements are encountered there, the battle-axe culture which represents an immigration from the south, and on the other side a dwelling-site culture which has its roots in the country itself as far back as habitation can be traced, and in its development stands in closest relation to the east-European stone age. It is now the unanimous opinion among Finnish archaeologists that this dwelling-site culture was the possession of the earliest Finno-Ugrian people, the race which constitutes the principal element of the present population of Finland.» (94)

Kossinna, Gustaf. «Der Ursprung der Urfinnen und Urindogermanen, und ihre Ausbreitung nach dem Osten.» Mannus-Bibliothek. 1 (1909)

Kossinna, Gustaf. Die deutsche Vorgeschichte, eine hervorragend nationale Wissenschaft. Würzburg, 1915.

Aberg, Nils. Das nordische Kulturgebiet in Mitteleuropa während der jüngeren Steinzeig. Uppsala, 1918.

Feist, Sigmund. Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Germanen. Berlin, 1913.

«Now that these conventionalized pictures are explained by impulses from the Baltic lands, we will recall that we have other evidences that the Scandinavian peninsula was brought into relations with the eastern European stone culture. The most important of these evidences was the importation of Prussian amber ornaments, which has already been mentioned, and they include among other forms small sculptured images of men or animals. We will recall the animal figure from Linnesoy, north of Trondhjem, and a man's head in amber from Västergötland, both of which are Prussian images. This taste for making small plastic images is introduced into Scandinavia also. At the excavation of Solsem cave at Leka, just mentioned, a little bone figure of a bird was found, which from its type might well have been a piece imported from the Baltic; but zoologically the image is identified s a great auk (Alca impennis), and therefore it is in all probability Norwegian. A small human head of /// soapstone from Roras is nearly related to similar pieces of amber from the Baltic region, but the Norwegian variety of stone affords evidence that this head is a Scandinavian product.» (115f)

«We may also recall the little animal figure of amber from the Maglemose period in Denmark. But in the neolithic period these small Scandinavian images of animals must have their closest connexions with the Baltic and the east-European stone-age culture. In East Prussia, Poland, and Russia we find a large numbe of these small images of men and animals, made of amber, dropstone, bone, and even flint, while such images have no home in the south of Scandinavia, or in central and western Europe.» (116)

«The true home of the animal-head weapons is Olonets and Carelia. half a score of pieces are found in Finland, three in Sweden; a number of the Finnish specimens are importations from the adjacent parts of Russia, but others are Finnish products. The type is characteristic of the 'comb-pottery' culture which we mentioned earlier. [...] Where the rendering is successful, it is almost always the elk or bear which supplies the model for the head.» (117)

Aspelin, J. R. Antiquités du Nord Finno-Ougrien. Vol. 1. Helsingfors, 1877.

Tallgren, A. M. «Die Kupfer- und Bronzezeit in Nord- und Ostrussland.» Finska Fornminnesför. Tidskrift. 25 (Helsingfors, 1911) 1:142.

Figures of Prussian amber provided the model for a bone comb found on the island of Gotland, and for an ornament found in Västergötland. (119)

Clay images found near Jätteböle on the Aland islands, and Pihtipudas in Eastern Finland: «These clay images must have been idols, and they invite comparison with the similar small images from the lands around the Danube and from the north of the Balkan peninsula; they show a surprisingly close correspondence with the finds from Butmir in Bosnia. Here we have evidence of far distant cultural connexions, of an influence which made its way to the Baltic lands across Silesia and Prussia.» (121)

Hoernes, M. Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa. Vienna, 1898.

[Beginning here, the notes are sketchy. Read carefully from page 122 on.]

«The European copper age is in Scandinavia a stone age with a few isolated copper articles; but it is a stone age which has taken colour from a more southerly civilization where metal had already attained to a position of importance. In the Scandinavian peninsula north of Skane not a single copper piece of this kind has yet been found, nor in Finland either; in this most northerly region of Europe the copper age is marked only by a reflex of the early metal forms, appearing in the daggers of flint and the battle-axes of stone.» (124)

«[...] it can be established beyond doubt that the bronze age in central Europe was first brought into being by influences from Italy, and that a large proportion of these northerly bronzes were directly imported Italian products. But at the same time it can also be shown that even at this early state a beginning had been made in casting bronze locally north of the Alps as well.» (125)

Montelius, O. Chronologie der ältesten Bronzezeit in Nord-Deutschland und Skandinavien. Braunschweig, 1900.

Montelius, O. «La chronologie préhistorique en France et en d'autres pays celtiques.» L'anthropologie. ___ (1901) 620.

Montelius, O. «Der Handel in der Vorzeit.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. ___ (1910) 265.

Déchelette, Joseph. Manuel d'archéologie. Paris, 1910.

Montelius, O. Les temps préhistoriques en Suède et dans les autres pays scandinaves. Paris, 1895.

Aberg, Nils. Bronzezeitliche und früheisenzeitliche Chronologie I-III. (Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och antikvitets Akademien) Stockholm, 1930-32.

Page 130: amber handle for bronze swords made in Scandinavia.

«Some articles [of bronze] were cast in permanent moulds of stone ormetal; some were cast in moulds of clay or sand, and for the more difficult objects the more complex method à cire perdue was employed.» (138)

Schmidt, Hubert. «Die Luren von Daberkow.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 7 (1915) 85.

Concerning the rich supply of bronze in Scandinavia: «It has been conclusively established that the amber from the west coast of Jutland was the source of wealth which made possible the importation of this bronze and gold to Denmark.»

«In Greece amber beads are found in large numbers in the shaft-graves at Mycene, as also in the Mycenaean dome tombs.» (140)

In the Bronze age, «Communications with southern Europe no longer went mainly by way of the Elbe, but rather by the south coast of the Baltic, perhaps, as has usually been assumed, because the amber from Prussia began to play a more important part in foreign markets.» (140)

«It is very natural that bronze should follow the routes which had already been established by the flint trade [...]» (141)

Tallgren, A. M. «Die Bronzecelte vom sog. Ananino-typus. Berührungen zwischen den Bronzekulturen Skandinaviens und des Wolga-Kamalandes.» Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen. 12 (1912) 76.

Oak-coffins: well preserved textiles.

Boye, Wilhelm. Trouvailles de cercueils en chêne de l'âge du bronze au Danemark. Copenhague, 1896.

Broholm, H. C. and Margrethe Halde. Les costumes de l'âge danois du bronze. (Nordiske Fortidsminder -- Antiquités scandinaves, 2) Copenkagen, 1911-35).

«The form of burial (urn-graves below a level surface), together with the transition from bronze to iron, was brought in, as we can plainly see, by influences from the great urn-field groups in the east of central Europe.» (151) Note to myself: Slavs? Indo-Europeans?

Burials: see Erwin Rohde. Psyche. Leipzig, 1894. and Müller, Sophus. Nordische Altertumskunde. 1 (Strassburg, 1897) 360.

Schuchardt, C. Die Urnenfriedhöfe in Niedersachsen. Hannover, 1911.

Schwantes, Gustav. «Die Gräber der ältesten Eisenzeit im östlichen Hannover.» Prähistorische Zeitschrift. 1 (1909) ___.

Knorr, Friedrich. Friedhöfe der älteren Eisenzeit in Schleswig-Holstein. 1 (Kiel, 1910).

«In Finland, practically speaking, there are no finds from the iron age before the second century A.D. The only exception is a find of three bronze neck-rings, from the bog of Kiukais, of the Scandinavian type belonging to the first phase of the iron age: See Aarne Europaeus in Finska Fornminnesföreningens Tidskrift. 32 (...) 192.» (181n1)

Steensby, H. P. «Pytheas» Geografisk Tidskrift. 24 (Copenhagen, 1917-18) 12.

The Roman period: «As has been fully established, communications from here [Italy] passed along the Elbe to Jutland and along the Vistula to the Baltic and Sweden. By these routes Roman manufactured goods were dispatched to the north, and also much of the new Germanic work produced in the kingdom of the Marcomanni.» (192)

This bibliography will eventually include all relevant materials from the field of archaeology and Indo-european studies, needed to study the Lausitz Culture, and the Slavs of Polabia. It will also include materials from Frankish sources, especially the Carolingian period. And the slivers of information which have survived from classical antiquity.

Topics covered will include: the amber trade, fur trade, linen, etc.


Adam of Bremen. The Chronicle of the Slavs.

Addison, James Thayer. The Medieval Missionary: A Study of the Conversion of Northern Europe A.D. 500-1300. New York and London: International Missionary Council, 1936. Roba BV 2110 A4.

Alonso-Nuñez, J. M. «Jordanes and Procopius on Northern Europe.» Nottingham Mediaeval Studies. 31 (1987) 1-16. PN 661 N6. check spelling of author's name.

Allqvist, Anders. «Notes on the Silesian Lugi.» Arctos 7 (1972) 1-12.

Amandi, Vita S. MGH SRM 5:395-485. AASS Feb. I:878-884 (859-865), p. 860. Ch. 16: For Slavs living across the Main. MGH has illustration of Slavic mission at the end. See Revue d'Histoire Eccl. 22 (1936). See also Krusch, Moreau, Van der Essen.

Anglade, Joseph. «Frédégaire.» Revue de philologie française. 14 (1900) 150-167. PC 2701 R5.

Ansgar. Vitae Anskarii et Rimberti. Ed. G. Waitz. Hannover: Hahn, 1884. BX 4700 A5815 R5. Transl. Ch. H. Robinson. Anskar: The Apostle of the North: 801-865. 1921. BX 4700 A5815 R513. Info on northern trade routes, on Slavs.

Baecklund, Astrid. Personal names in medieval Veliky Novgorod. Stockholm, 1959. CS 2819 N6 B3

Baldwin, B. «The Purpose of the Getica.» Hermes 107 (1979) 489-492.

Baldwin, B. «Sources.» Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 59 (1981) 141.

Baldwin, B. «On the Date of the Anonymous Peri Strategikes.» Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 81 (1988) 270-293.

Bark, William Carroll. Origins of the medieval World. (Stanford Studies in History, Economics and Political Science, 14). 1958. AS 36 S84.

Bately, Janet, editor. The Old English Orosius. Early English Text Society, . Oxford University Press, 1980. PR 1555 A13 Roba.

Baudrillart, André. Saint Sévérin. 1908. French edition and tr BR 1720 S4 E8314.

Below, Georg von. Festschirt. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1928. Articles on Ostsiedlung, etc.

Bethmann, Ludwig Konrad, and Georg Waitz, ed. Pauli Historia Langobardorum. In MGH: SRL. 1878:12-187. See also DG 511 P38. Add: EMA.BIB.

Bitterauf, Th. Urkunden aus Freising. ROBA BX 2618 F7 A45

Böhme, Horst W. Germanische Grabfunde des 4. bis 5. Jahrhunderts zwischen unterer Elbe und Loire. Munich, 1975. DD 53 B63.

Bolin, Sture. «Zum Codex Havniensis G. Kgl. S. 2296 (Hs. der Chronik des Adam von Bremen).» Classica et medievalia. 10 (1949) 131-158.

Brogan, Olwen. «Trade between the Roman Empire and the Free Germans.» JRS 26 (1936) 195-223. Up to 400 A. D. Roads and routes. Archaeological remains, with maps. For fur trade, 221.

Brosien, H. Kritische Untersuchungen der Quellen zur Geschichte des fränkischen Königs Dagobert I. Göttingen, 1868.

Buchner, Max. «Gesta Dagoberti.» Historisches Jahrbuch. 47 (1927) 252-274.

Bursche, Aleksander. «Contacts between the Late Roman Empire and North-Central Europe.» The Antiquaries Journal. 76 (1996) 31-50.

Calmette, Joseph. Charlemagne, sa vie et son oeuvre. Paris, 1945. DC 78 C2. also D199 C35.

Cameron, Averil. «Agathias on the early Merovingians.» Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. 37,2 (1968) 95. AS 222 P58.

Cassel, S. Magyarische Alterthümer. Berlin, 1848. 293-310 for the dependence of Jordanes on Cassiodorus.

Cessi, R. «Studi sulle fonti dell' età gotica e longobarda. I: Fasti Vindobonenses.» Archivio Muratoriano. 17/18 (1916) 295-405.

Cessi, R. «La vita di Papa Giovanni I nel Liber Pontificalis e nell' Anonimo Valesiano.» Archivio Muratoriano. 19/20 (1917) 463-488. per.bib, # needed.

Cessi, R. «Studi sulle fonti dell' età gotica e longobarda. II: Prosperi Continuatio Haunensis.» Archivio Muratoriano. 22 (1922) 587-641.

Charlemagne. Capitulare of Dec. 805. MGH. Legum. 1:133. HAVE XEROX. Chapter 7: Oriental marches.

Courbaud, Edmond. Les procédés d'art de Tacite dans les «Histoires». Paris: Hachette, 1918. PA 6705 H9C68

Craigie, W. A. «The meaning of Ambyre Wind.» Philologica 2 (1924) 19-20. P La P. Re: OE Orosius. In Ohthere's Narrative, the author reads this expression as meaning unfavourble, contrary wind, on the basis of modern Icelandic: andbyrr «head wind». His translation: «he said that one could not sail there in a month's time, if he spent the nights on shore, and each day had the wind against him.»

Curtin, Philip D. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge University Press, 1984.

Dagron, Gilbert. «'Ceux d'en face': Les peuples étrangers dans les traités militaires byzantins.» Travaux et Mémoires. 10 (1987) 207-232.

David, . «Recherches sur le cours primitif de l'Escaut.» Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Belgique. 16,1 (1849) 281-283.

Delort, Robert. «Les animaux et l'habillement.» L'Uomo di Fronte al mondo animale nell'alto medioevo. (Settimane, 31). Spoleto, 1985. 673-706.

Demer, M. Regensburger Urkunden. 1909. OLD CLASS Pamph Germ Lang Gram

Demer, M. Salzburger Urkundenbuch. 1910. Check reviews

Demoulin, M. «Le gouvernement de Théoderic et la domination des Ostrogoths en Italie d'après les oeuvres d'Ennodius.» RH 78 (1902) 1-7; 241-265; 79 (1902) 1-22.

Depreux, Ph. «Tassilon III et le roi des Francs.» RH 593 (1995) 23-74.

Dhont, J. «Le titre de marquis à l'époque carolingienne.» Bulletin Du Cange. 19 (1948) 407-417. PA 2801 B8

Didier [St. Desiderius]. Epistulae. MGH. 191-214. See Poupardin for his life.

Donat, Peter. «Die Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse bei den slawischen Stämmen zwischen Oder und Elbe nach archaeologischen Quelle.» Gli Slavi. Settimane 30 (1983) 437-459.

Dopsch, Alfons, Festschrift. Wirtschaft und Kultur. Leipzig, 1930. D 101 .2 W5 Article on sea travel in ca 600.

Dopsch, Alfons. The economic and social foundations of European civilization. London: Kegan Paul, 1937. D 121 D623. "Industry and Trade" 327-357.

Dopsch, Alfons. Die Wirtschaftsentwicklung der Karolingerzeit. Weimar, 1920-21. HC 284 D66. 2:194-5: Letter from Charlemagne to King Offa of the Anglo-saxons complaining fo the quality of woolen cloaks.

Drapeyrou, Ludovic. «L'Aquitaine et l'Austrasie sous les Mérovingiens et les Carolingiens.» P Pol Sci A Académie des sciences morales et politiques: Séances et travaux Paris. 4 (1875) 807-841; 5 (1876) 247-280; 6 (1876) 813-850.

Droysen, H., ed. Pauli Historia Romana. MGH: Auctorum antiquissimorum. 2 (1879) 185-224; reprint Munich: MGH, 1978. DG 208 P3. Up to the days of Belisarius, Vitigis and Narses.

Droysen, H., ed. Landulf's Continuation. MGH: Auctorum antiquissimorum. 2 (1879) 227-376. Up to the days of Anastasius and the beginning of Avar raids.

Eckhardt, W. A. «Die capitularia missorum specialia von 802.» Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters. 12 (1956) 500-504. DD 126 A104. Includes edition. Important for Avars.

Eigilis. Vita Sturmii. PL 105:423-444. Also MGH. SS. 2:265.

Einhard. Transl. Lewis Thorpe. Einhard and Notker the Stammerer: Two Lives of Charlemagne. Penguin Books.

Einhard. On the Slavs. Translatio SS Marcellini et Petri. By Eginhard. PL 104:560. MGH. SS. 15:361. Carolingian merchants travelling along the Main: «Mercatores quidam de civitate Moguntiaca qui frumentum in superioribus partibus emere ac per fluvium Moenum ad urbem devehere solebant.» Page 586, ch. 81: «In vico qui hodie que Trajectus [Maastricht] vocatur et distat ab Aquensi palatio octo circiter leugas estque habitantium et praecipue negociatorum multitudine frequentissimus.» See also St. Goar for same data. Compare with import of leather for jerkins from Slavic lands.

Ennodius. Vogel, MGH AA, 7. Hartel, CSEL, 6.

Ensslin, Wilhelm. «Die Ostgoten in Pannonien.» Byzantinische und Neugriechische Jahrbücher. 6 (1927) 146-19. DF 501 B83.

Ensslin, Wilhelm. «Ostrogothenreich.» Klio 29 (1936) 243-249.

Estey, F. N. «Charlemagne's Silver Celestial Table.» Speculum 18 (1943) 112-117.

Eugippius. Vita sancti Severini. MGH AA 1.2, Berlin 1961; also in usum scholarem. Also: CSEL, IX,2. Vienna, 1886. BR 1720 S4 E8.

Fabia, Philipe. Onomasticon Taciteum. Paris and Lyon, 1900. PA 6753 F34.

Fengler, O. «Quentovic, seine maritime Beudeutung unter Merowingern und Karolingern.» Hansische Geschichtsblätter. 13 (1907) ___. DD 801 H17 H3

Fichtenau, Heinrich. «Byzanz und die Pfalz von Aachen.» Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichischen Geschichtsforschung. 59 (1951) 49. DB 1 V5.

Fichtenau, Heinrich. «Karl der Grosse und das Kaisertum.» MIOeG 61 (1953) 272-275; 280-287. Re: the authorship of the ARF, Libri carolini.

Friedrich, Johann. «Die ecclesia Augustana in dem Schreiben der istrischen Bischöfe an Kaiser Mauritius vom Jahre 591 und die Synode von Gradus zwischen 572 und 577.» Sitzungsbericht der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. (1906) 327-356. HX.

Furneaux, Henry, ed. Cornelii Taciti De Germania. Oxford: Clarendon, 1894.

Gaudenzi, A. Sui rapporti tra l'Italia e l'impero d'Oriente fra gli anni 476 e 554. Bologna, 1888.

Gerhard. Vita Sancti Oudalrici episcopi Augustani. MGH SS 4:377-425.

Gieysztor, Alexander. «Les structures économiques en pays slave à l'aube du moyen âge jusqu'au xie siècle et l'échange monétaire.» Moneta. Settimane 8 (1961) Pages???

Gieysztor, Alexander. «Les marchés et les marchandises entre le Danube et la Volga aux viiie-xie siècles.» Mercati. Settimane 40 (1993) 498-518.

Giunta, Francesco, and A. Grillone, eds. Iordanis de Origine Actibusque Getarum. Fonti per la storia d'Italia, 117. Rome, 1991. Pims, Roba DG 403 F7.

Glaser, Frank. Teurnia: Metropolis Norici. Vienna, 1987.

Glaser, Frank. Frühes Christentum im Alpenraum. 1997. NA 950 G553.

Glück, Christian Wilhelm von. Die Bistümer Noricums. Vienna, 1853. PIMS BX 1516 G5.

Goar, St. Miracles. Wandalberti Miracula S. Goaris. MGH. SS. 15:361-373. Page 370 for Frisian trade. HAVE XEROX See also Marcellinus.

Goel, J. «Samo und die Karantanischen Slaven.» Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichischen Geschichtsforschung. 11 (1890) 443-446. DB 1 V5.

Goffart, Walter. «Byzantine policy in the West under Tiberius II and Maurice: the Pretenders Hermenegild and Gundovald.» Traditio 13 (1957) 73-118. D 111 T7.

Goffart, Walter. «The Fredegar problem reconsidered.» Speculum 38 (1963) 206-241.

Goldmann, E. «Premysl-Samo.» Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichischen Geschichtsforschung. 30 (1909) 327-337.

Goodyear, F. R. D. «Development and style in the Annals of Tacitus.» JRS 58 (1968) 22-31.

Grauert, . Drei bayerische Traditionsbücher.

Graesse, J. G. Th. Orbis Latinus oder Verzeichniss der lateinischen Bennenungen der bekanntesten Städte, etc., Meere, Seen, Berge und Flüsse in allen Theilen der Erde. Dresden: Schönfeld, 1861. Roba and GenR G107 G8.

Graus, Frantisek. «Die Entwicklung Mitteleuropas im 8. Jahrhundert und die Vorbedingungen der Staatenentwicklung in diesem Gebiet.» I Probleme dell'Occidente nel secolo VIII. Settimane 20 (1973) 453-581.

Haag, O. «Ueber die Latinität Fredegars.» Romanische Forschungen. 10 (1899) . PC 3 R5

Haas, Wolfdieter. «Ansgar als Mönch und Apostel.» Journal of Medieval History. 11 (1985) 1-30.

Hägg, Inga. Die Textilfunden aus der Siedlung und aus den Gräbern von Haithabu. Neumünster: K. Wachholtz, 1991. GN 814 H26 H24.

Hahn, A. «Einige Bemerkungen über Fredegar.» Archiv für deutsche Geschichtskunde. 9 (1858) .

Halphen, Louis. «Une théorie récente sur la Chronique du Pseudo-Frédégaire.» Revue historique. 79 (1902) .

Hauptmann, L. «Politische Umwälzungen unter den Slowenen vom Ende des sechsten Jahrhunderts bis zur Mitte des neunten.» Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichischen Geschichtsforschung. 30 (1909) 246-259. DB 1 V5.

Hauptmann, L. Historia Mundi. Vol. 5. PIMS

Hellmann, S. «Das Fredegarproblem.» Historische Vierteljahrschrift. 29 (1934) .

Helmold. The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold, Priest of Bosau. Transl. Francis Joseph Tschan. New York: Octagon, 1966. HG H481c.Et (1935). Also at PIMS DD 145 H4818. Latin, ed. G. H. Pertz. DD 3 M82 v. 32 at Pims.

Hennig, Richard. «Der nordeuropäische Pelzhandel in den älteren Perioden der Geschichte.» VJSWG 23 (1930) 1-25. H5 V6. Important early sources.

Higounet, Charles. «Le problème économique: l'Eglise et la vie rurale pendant le très haut moyen âge.» Le chiese nei regni dell'Europa occidentale e i loro rapporti con Roma sino all'800. Settimane, 7. 1960. 775-803. HX map of monasteries.

Hodgkin, Thomas. Italy and Her Invaders. 5 vols. Oxford 1895. Full imprint.

Höfler, Otto, FS. Ed. Helmut Birkhen. Wienna: Braumüller, 1976. PF 3026 H57 F4. About Missions.

Hutton, Maurice, tr. Tacitus: Dialogus, Agricola, Germania. Loeb Classical Library, 1914.

Iliescu, V. «Devictis Sarmatis?» Revue roumaine de linguistique. 16 (1971) 63-65. P2 R43.

Inama-Sternegg, K.T. Deutsche Wirtschaftsgechichte bis zum Schluss der Karolingerperiode. Leipzig, 1909. HC 284 I38

Irsigler, Franz. «Divites et pauperes in der Vita Meinwerci.» VJSWG 57 (1970) 449-499. H5 V6. Fur trade, 466ff.

Jacobs, A. Géographie de Grégoire de Tours, de Frédégaire et de leurs continuateurs. 2nd edition. Paris, 1861.

Jacobs, Georg, tr. Arabische Berichte von Gesandten an germanische Fürstenhofe aus dem 9. und 10. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Gruyter, 1927. D 911 J6. «Auch verfertigt man im Lande Böhmen dünne lockergewebte Tüchelchen wie Netze, die man zu nichts anwenden kann [...] mit ihnen handeln sie und verrechnen sich untereinander» (13). Report of the Jewish trader Ibrahim ibn Jakub in al-Bekrî (d. 1094).

Jakob, H. «War Burk das historische Wogastisburc, und wo lag das oppidum Berleich?» Welt der Slaven. 25 (1980) 39-67. PG 1 W4.

Jakob, H. «Wogastisburg und das oppidum Berleich.» Welt der Slaven. 28 (1983) 171-191. PG 1 W4.

Jaksch, A. «Fredegar und die Conversio Carantanorum (Ingo).» Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichischen Geschichtsforschung. 41 (1926) 44. DB 1 V5.

Jankuhn, Herbert. «Das Missionsfeld Ansgar.» FMAS 1 (1967) 213-221.

Jankuhn, Herbert. Haithabu: Ein Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit. Neumünster: K. Wachholtz, 1972. GN 814 H26 J32. Furs, 196.

Jordanes. Getica. De origine actibusque Getarum. Eds: MGH AA 5: 59, III,21. Giunta/Grillone, Mierow. Cm: Löwe, Werner.

Jorma, Ahvenainen. «Man and the Forest in Northern Europe from the Middle Ages to the 19th Century.» VJSWG 83 (1996) 1-24.

Kaphahn, Fritz. Zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: das Donau-Alpenland im Zeitalter St. Severins. Munich: Hermann Rinn, 1948. ROBA, PIMS DG 59 N7 K3 No bib, few notes. Ridiculed by Thompson.

Kitzinger, E. «Byzantium in the Seventh Century.» Dumbarton Oak Papers. 13 (1959) 271-273.

Kletler, P. Nordwesteuropas Verkehr: Handel und Gewerbe im frühen Mittelalter. Vienna, 1924. HF 397 K4. Décrit l'itinéraire d'Alcuin en 781, 9ff.

Koch, Anton C. F. «Phasen in der Entstehung von Kaufmannsniederlassungen zwischen Maas und Nordsee in der Karolingerzeit.» In Landschaft und Geschichte: Festschrift für Franz Petri zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 22. Februar 1968. Ed: George Droege et al. Bonn: L. Röhrscheid, 1970. 312-324. DD 801 R75 L26.

Kötzschke, R. Deutsche und Slawen im mitteldeutschen Osten. 1961. DD 78 S5 K6.

Kötzschke, R. and ... Ebert. Geschichte des ostdeutschen Kolonisation. Leipzig, 1937.

Kopke, . Widukind von Korvei: Ein Beitrag zur Kritik der Geschichtsschreiber des zehten Jahrhunderts. (Ottonische Studien, 1) Berlin: Mittler, 1867. Pims DD 86.7 W53 K6.

Krones, Franz, Ritter von Marchland. Handbuch der Geschichte Oesterreiches von der ältesten bis neuesten Zeit. 5 vols. Berlin: T. Grieben, 1876-79. DB 35 K57 1876.

Krusch, Bruno. «Die Chronicae des sogenannten Fredegar.» Neues Archiv. 7 (1882) 249-351; 423-516. DD 2 G37.

Krusch, Bruno. Review of Lot. Neues Archiv. 39 (1914) 548-549.

Krusch, B. «Chronologica regum Francorum stirpis Merowingicae.» MGH. SRM. 1920. 7:468-516.

Krusch, B. «Fredegarius Scholasticus -- Oudarius? Neue Beiträge zur Fredegar-Kritik.» Nachr. der Gesellschaft der Wiss. zu Göttingen. Philol.-Hist. Cl. (1926) Part 2.

Krusch, B. «Die handschriftlichen Grundlagen der Historia Francorum Gregors von Tours.» Historische Vierteljahrschrift. 28 (1934) 15-21.

Kunstmann, Heinrich. «Was besagt der Name Samo, und wo liegt Wogastisburg?» Welt der Slaven. 24 (1979) 1-21.

Kunstman, Heinrich. «Die Pontus-Pilatus-Sage von Hausen-Forchheim und Wogastisburg.» Welt der Slaven. 24 (1979) 225-247.

Kunstmann, Heinrich. «Samo.» Welt der Slaven. 25 (1980) 171-177; 293-313. PG 1 W4.

Kunstmann, Heinrich. «Wo lag das Zentrum von Samos Reich?» Welt der Slaven. 26 (1981) 67-101.

Kunstmann, Heinrich. «Noch einmal Samo und Wogastisburc.» Welt der Slaven. 28 (1983) 354-363.

Labuda, Gerard. «Vidivarii Jordanesa.» Slavia Occidentalis. 19 (1948) 63-81. In Polish, with French summary, page. D 377 A1 S56.

Labuda, Gerard. Samo. 1949. DB 557 L36.

Ladner, Gerhart B. «On Roman Attitudes Toward Barbarians in Late Antiquity.» Viator 7 (1976) 1-26.

Lammers, Walther, ed. Geschichtsdenken und Geschischtbild im Mittelalter. (Wege der Forschung, 21) Darmstadt, 1961. D116 G4. A little gem reprinting many important articles, and including a bibliography of related articles.

Lammers, Walther. Die Eingliederung der Sachsen in das Frankenreich. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buch Gt, 1970. DC 73 E34.

Lamprecht, Karl. Die historische Methode des herrn von Below: eine Kritik. 1899. H B4524n .YL, Old Class.

Latham, R. G, ed. and comm. The Germania of Tacitus. London: Taylor, Walton and Maberly, 1851. Dated, but filled with unparalleled insights.

Leeman, A. D. «Structure and meaning in the prologues of Tacitus.» Yale CS 23 (1973) 169-208.

Levillain, Léon. «Contribution à la chronologie des rois mérovingiens.» Le Moyen Age. 16 (1903) 1-10.

Levillain, Léon. Review of Krusch, Fredegarius Scholasticus-Oudarius?. BEC 89 (1928) 89-95.

Lewald, Ursula. «Die pastinatio in partem, ein wenig bekannter italienischer Agrarvertrag des Mittelalters.» VJSWG 39 (1952) 316-346.

Löhlein, G. «Die Alpen- und Italienpolitik der Merowinger im. 6. Jahrhundert.» Erlanger Abhandlungen. 17 (1932) .

Löwe, H. «Cassiodor.» Romanische Forschungen. 60 (1948) 420-446. PC 3 R5.

Löwe, Heinz. «Eine kölner Notiz zum Kaisertum Karls des Grossen.» Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 14 (1949) 7-34. Hugely important, must be located. Try DD 901 C745 K62

Löwe, Heinz. «Ein literarischer Widersacher des Bonifatius. Virgil von Salzburg und die Kosmographie des Aethicus Ister.» (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz. Geistes und sozialwissenschaftl. Kl. 1951, 11) Wiesbaden, 152. AS 182 M232???

Löwe, Heinz. «Die Karolinger vom Anfang des 8. Jahrhunderts bis zum Tode Karls des Grossen.» In Wattenbach-Levison 2:203-280. «Die Karolinger vom Tode Karls des Grossen bis zum Vertrag von Verdun.» 3:295-230.

Löwe, H. «Theoderich der Grosse und Papst Johann I.» Hist Jahrb. 72 (1953) 83-100.

Löwe, Heinz. «Liudger als Zeitkritiker.» Historisches Jahrbuch. 74 (1955) 79-91. Reprinted Cassiodor.

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Löwe, Heinz. «Geschichtschreibung der ausgehenden Karolingerzeit.» Deutsches Archiv 23 (1967) 1-30. Reprinted Cassiodor.

Löwe, Heinz. «Das Karlsbuch Notkers von St. Gallen und sein zeitgeschichtlicher Hintergrund.» Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte. 20 (1970) 269-302. Reprinted Cassiodor.

Löwe, Heinz. Von Cassiodor zu Dante: Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Geschichtschreibung und politischen Ideenwelt des Mittelalters. Berlin, 1973.

Löwe, Heinz. «Religio christiana, Rom und das Kaisertum in Einhards Vita Karoli Magni.» In Storiografia e storia. Studi in onore di Eugenio Duprè Theseider. Ed: . . . Rome, 1974. 1:1‑20. DG 470 S83.

Löwe, Heinz. «Salzburg als Zentrum literarischen Schaffens im 8. Jahrhundert.» Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Salzburger landeskunde. 115 (1975) 99-143. Reprinted in Religiositat.

Löwe, Heinz. «Die Vacetae insolae und die Entstehungszeit der Kosmographie des Aethicus Ister.» Deutsches Archiv 31 (1975) 1-16.

Löwe, H. «...» In Kirchengeschichte als Missionsgeschichte. 2: Die Kirche des früheren Mittelalters. 1 (Munich, 1977) 192-226. BR 203 K57.

Löwe, Heinz. «Columbanus und Fidolius.» Deutsches Archiv 37 (1981) 1-19.

Löwe, Heinz, editor. Die Iren und Europa im früheren Mittelalter. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1982.

Löwe, Heinz. «Westlichen Peregrinatio und Mission. Ihre Zusammenhang mit den länder- und völkerkundlichen Kenntnissen des früheren Mittelalters.» Settimane 29 (1983) 327-372.

Löwe, Heinz. «Cyrill und Methodius zwischen Byzanz und Rom.» Settimane 30 (1983) 631-686.

Löwe, Heinz. «Die Entstehungszeit der Vita Karoli Einhards.» Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters. 39 (1983) 85-103. DD 126 A1 D4.

Löwe, Heinz. «Lateinisch-christliche Kultur im karolingischen Sachsen.» Settimane 32 (1986) 491-531.

Löwe, Heinz. Aethicus. PA 8445 V5 L6

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Lot, F., Ch. Pfister, and F. L. Ganshof. Les destinées de l'empire en Occident. Paris, 1940. W.-H recommends this as the best. Pims D121 L88.

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Michel, Jacques-Henri. Matériaux pour une lecture ethnographique de la Germanie de Tacite. 2 vols. Brussels: Université libre, 1994.

Mocsy, Andras. Pannonia and Upper Moesia. London, 1974. DG 59 D43.

Möllenberg, Walter. Magdeburg um 800. 1936. DD 901 M15 M64

Mohr, Walter. «Bemerkungen zur Divisio Regnorum des Jahres 806.» Bulletin Du Cange. 24 (1954) 131-157. Text MGH Cap. 1:45.

Mohr, Walter. «Die begriffliche Absonderung des Ostfränkischen Gebietes in Westfränkischen Quellen des 9. und 10. Jahrhunderts.» Bulletin Du Cange. 24 (1954) 19-1???. PA 2801 B8

Mohr, Walter. «Die Krise des kirchlichen Einheitsprogrammes im Jahre 858.» Bulletin Du Cange. 25 (1955) 189-213

Mohr, Walter. «Ein weiteres Wort zur Vita Hadriani.» Bulletin DuCange. 26 (1956) 249-262. Re: Political ideology.

Mohr, Walter. «Von der 'Francia Orientalis' zum 'Regnum Teutonium.'» Bulletin Du Cange. 27 (1957) 27-49.

Mohr, Walter. «Bemerkungen zur Divisio Regnorum des Jahres 806.» Bulletin Du Cange. 29 (1959) 91-109.

Mohr, Walter. «Audradus von Sens: Prophet und Kirchenpolitiker (um 850).» Bulletin Du Cange. 29 (1959) 239-267.

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Mohr, Walter. Studien zur Klosterreform des Grafen Arnulf I von Flander. Leuven University Press, 1992. Roba and Pims BX 2610 M63.

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Muchar, A. Albert. Beyträge zur Geschichte des österreichischen Kaiserstaates. 2 vols. Grätz: C. Penz, 1825-26. DG 59 N 7 M83.

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Nestor, Chronicle attributed to. Poviest' vremennykh let. 2 vols. Volume I: Text and translation D. S. Likhachev and B. A. Romanov. Volume II: Articles and commentary by D. S. Likhachev. Moscow: Akademiia Nauk, 1950. Fur trade with CPL A.O. 6477, ch. 34; A.O. 6453, ch. 27. For translation: Samuel H. Cross. «The Russian Primary Chronicle.» Harvard Studies in Philology and Literature. 12 (1930) 75-320.

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Oelsner, L. Jahrbücher des fränkischen Reichs unter König Pippin. Leipzig, 1871. DC 72 O34.

Ozanam, Antoine Frédéric. History of civilization in the fifth century. Tr.: A. C. Glyn. 2 vols. London: W. H. Allen, date?

Paul Deacon. Droysen, Peters-Foulke.

Peake, Harold. The Corridors of Time. 8 vols. Roba and RomU.

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Procopius. Important for the Slavs.

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Schnetz, Joseph. Untersuchungen über die Quellen der Kosmographie des anonymen Geographen von Ravenna. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Historische Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, 6. Munich, 1942. AS 182 M823.

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Schwarz, Ernst. «Walchen- und Parschalkennamen im alten Norikum.» Zeitschrift für Ortsnamenforschung. 1 (1925) 91-99. HX.

Schwarz, Ernst. «Die Frage der slawischen Landnahmezeit in Ostgermanen.» Mitteilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichischen Geschichtsforschung. 43 (1929) 187-260. DB 1 V5.

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Sturmi, Vita. PL 105:425. For Slavs near Fulda. Also MGH. SS. 2:265.

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Tacitus. Furneaux, Hutton, Latham, Perret, Robinson, Syme.

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Wallner, . Altbairische Siedlungsgeschichte.

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Waitz, G. Einhard. DC 73.3 H65.

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Wallach, Liutpold. «The Unknown Author of the Libri Carolini: Patristic Exegesis, Mozarabic Antiphons, and the Vetus latina.» Didascaliae, Studies in Honor of Anselm M. Albareda. New York: 1961. 469-515.

Walser, Gerold. Rom, das Reich und die Fremden Völker in die Geschichtsschreibung der frühen Kaiserzeit. Baden-Baden: Verlag für Kunst und Wissenschaft, 1951. PA 6716 W35

Wells, C. M. The German Policy of Augustus: An Examination of the Archaeological Evidence. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972. DD 53 W45.

Werner, Fritz. Die Latinität der Getica des Jordanes. Pamph LL J.

Werner, Joachim. «Zur Ausfuhr koptischen Bronzegeschirrs ins Abendland während des 6. und 7. Jahrhunderts.» VJSWG 42 (1955) 353-356. H5 V6.

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Zeiller, Jacques. Les origines chrétiennes dans les provinces danubiennes de l'empire romain. BEFAR, 112. Paris, 1918. Also: BR 182 Z44. Mention of Emona in Pannonia, from Pliny NH III 18,128.

Zeller, Jules. «Chute de l'Empire de Charlemagne (814-843): Véritables causes de cette dissolution.» P Pol Sci A Académie des sciences morales et politiques: Séances et travaux Paris. 30 (1873) 187-219; 359-388.

Zeuss, Kaspar. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme. Munich: Lentner, 1837. «Bavarian Geographer» 600-601.